Roles Of The Operating System Computer Science Essay

Roles Of The operate System Computer Science EssayAll figurers need some form of operating placement so that communication between exploiters applications and hardwargon. The OS also looks after the file frame. With advancement in technology OS can now survive more than one User, Task or Central Processing Unit (CPU).The OS controls the communication between applications and hardw atomic number 18. For the OS to communicate with these it inst onlys device drivers for any hardw ar chemical element that is inside the computer. the device driver is created by the ironware manufacturer and this is installed with the hardware software when installing. Thus exiting the OS to talk to the hardware its self. for example a wireless USB adapter (Fig1.1) would install a device driver as sh proclaim in (Fig1.2)Files and folders can be stored on the hard drive with the help of the OS creating a file structure on the hard disk its self enabling the data to be stored. Files are stored in a block of data that is do by as a single unit and is given a single name. Any files related to the same program are put in to folders so that the program is able to arrest all the data needed to pasture the program without needing to look all over the hard drive. Folders can also be stored inside another(prenominal) folders if they relate to a different part of the program or even an update folder or a uninstall program in the event you want to uninstall the program. These are call subfolders. (Fig 2.1)The structure in which files are stored on a hard drive are stored in a side rate called file allocation table. the table contains all the details of where each piece of data (such as blocks or clusters) is held that benefits up the file on the hard drive. Depending on how the hard drive was formatted depends on the table format and cluster size. There are two different file structures which areFile Allocation dining table 32-bit (FAT32) This can support partition sizes up to 2 048GB (2TB) FAT32 can be used in Windows 95, Windows 98, Windows Me, Windows 2000 and Windows XP(Fig 2.2).New Technology File System (NTFS)This can support partitions sizes up to 16 Exabytes. 1 Exabyte is 260 bytes. With NTFS there is improved aegis features and extended attributes that the previous version used FAT32 (Fig 2.3).FIG 2.1Folders and SubfoldersFIG 2.2 FAT32FIG 2.3 NTFSUser Interface operational systems provide the user to interact with the software and the hardware by using two lineaments of user interface calledCommand-line Interface (CLI) with this the user types commands in to the command expeditious as shown in Fig 3.0Graphical user interface with this the user interacts with menus, icons and applications as shown in Fig 3.1Fig 3.0Fig3.1Applications ManagementWithin the operating system one of the things it does is locates an application and loads it in to the RAM. Applications a software programs such as Microsoft Office word, Microsoft Office Excel, Microsoft O ffice PowerPoint, Games and many more. the OS willing make true that each application has enough system resources to hasten the program successfully. There is also a set of guidelines used by programmers to make sure that the application they are designing will work on an OS this is called Application Programming Interface (API) two examples of these areOpen Graphics program library (OpenGL) this is a cross-platform standard for multimedia graphicsDirectX this is a collection of APIs for multimedia tasks for Microsoft Windows1b.Within WindowsXP and Windows picture Operating systems have the following features installedMultitaskingMultiuserMultiprocessingMultithreadingMultiuserA multi-user operating system allows for multiple users to use the same computer at different times. So this mean that each user can have its own logon to windows where they can have their files can be secure so that only the user can see them. they can also set the computer let out up however they want t o such as picture backgrounds of the own choice and task bar settings changing the colour to their own choice. With the sexual conquest been word protected and the files been stored on the same user logon this makes it secure. When logged on to the computer you can also switch users quickly what this does is keeps the first user logged on but undecomposed locks the account and takes you back to the user logon screen and enables you to log on as another user thus once you have finished on that account you can just log of and so back at the logon screen you just click the first name again and type the password and you are right back in to it where you had left it so any programs that you had open are still open and you can carry on instead of delay for the computer user settings to be applied making it much faster to change between users.MultitaskingAn operating system that is capable of allowing multiple software processes to run at the same time. So what this mean is that you can run many different programs at the same time. so you can be working on a document on Microsoft Office Word so the program will be loaded in to the RAM so that it can rile it quicker when using the program. So your using the program then you need to use Microsoft Office Excel when you click open on the program it will also load it in to the RAM as well so that you can access the program data as well as the other program. This is multitasking. This would happen every time you opened a new program.MultiprocessingAn operating system able of supporting and using more than one computer processor. Most modern computers support some form of multiprocessing. Multiprocessing doesnt require more than one physical CPU it is simply the operating systems ability to run more than oneprocesson the system. The operating system processes data one part at a time. Each process can carry through a completely different program while most processes are completely independent. so if say you are runnin g paint in windows and then open Microsoft office word even though it looks like it is doing them at the same time what it is doing is processing parts of the program one at a time. but because of the seep in what it processes them it gives the appearance that they are doing it at the same time.MultithreadingMultithreading has many tendencys one of these is to switch between different threads. However the main purpose is to increase the operation of a single subject matter by monitoring and controlling the levels of threads. The tasks carried out by the user happen so frequently that the user does not actually see the threads and/or the tasks are running at the same time, with no fault. Another purpose of multithreading is used by the Operating System to break down a program in use into smaller, more manageable threads when it is required to carry out this specific task. Although it does allow individual programs to be multitasked. This is done because the hardware used for multit hreading regularly operates alongside the software for multitasking. It is known for some CPUs to have more than one multithreading core these are often referred to as processors. On multiprocessor, or multi- core systems, the tasks and threads generally run at the same time, with the support of each processor and/or core running a particular task on the Operating System.1c.In two Windows XP and Vista there are functions installed on an OS. These functions might be at different levels depending on the OS. These functions are-Backup FacilitiesFile ManagementSecurityBackup FacilitiesMany backup facilities are used here are a few examplesDailyCopyNormalIncrementalDifferentialDaily A daily backup only saves files that have been modified on that day. This type of support does not modify the other files. Copy This type of support only copies the data and files chosen. For instance a word document is saved in one folder and you copy to another folder of the same OS. This backup can be fou nd in all Windows software. Normal This type of support (full backup) is when the selected files and folders are to be stored and are archived to the hard disk drive. For example an Excel spreadsheet that is being saved for the very first time. Incremental This type of backup saves all folders and files that have been created or modified since the last normal backup. A benefit of this is that the backup times are faster as only the file of necessity to be saved. However, a drawback of this is that the recovery time of the file will be a lot longer as the data has to be restored from the last additive backup and/or another backup device. Differential This backup saves all files and folders that are created or changed since either the last normal backup. These files are not archived, on the other hand they are copied at the starting delegate until the next incremental or full backup is complete. Making this type of backup is pregnant as to restore the data you would only need the l ast full and differential backup.File ManagementFile management is also very standardised in Vista and Windows XP. Generally it is a lot easier to manage files and directories in Windows XP than it is in Vista because in Windows XP the graphical user interface I find is much more user friendly. There are options to make Vista act and look like Windows XP through Start, Control Panel, Appearance and Personalization. Both XP and Vista use NTFS file management. However, in Windows Explorer the file management enforces/performs a hierarchical structure. Below is a broken down step by step of what happens when creating a file in a directoryThe OS controls and creates the file structure and directoriesThe hard drive allows data to be stored in this structureThe file is then stored on to the hard drive and is given a name or commonly known as a single unit/nameThe directory programs and data files group all the files together and create the directory (Some directories can be stored in oth er directories these are commonly known as subdirectories)One last point about directories and subdirectories is that their commonly used name is now folders and subfolders, respectively.SecurityThere are four main ways in which to protect computer systems, these areFirewall This provides protection against any online threats.Anti-virus software which tries to protect the operating system from any malicious threats that could occur.Passwords is used to protect the contents of the operating system and is a order of controlling who access to it.Encryption is used to prevent people accessing documents they are not permitted to see.The main security feature for Windows XP is designed to continuously monitor the posture of the computers security system settings and should a problem occur the operating system will provide a pop up to warn the user of the problem. This security system is referred to as the security centre.Windows Vista has a similar security feature called Windows De fender, however Windows Defender has a few additional features. These features include the removal of ActiveX applications and also support the use of SpyNet software.Also with Vista there is another few security features, one of them is the Parental controls. This allows the administrator toControl content of which a child can and cannot view.Limiting time allowed on the Internet or computer.Monitor what the child does and track viewed websites and content they have previously looked up.However, on both Windows XP and Vista, they use one vital piece of security the Device Manager. This is used to allow users to view and control the hardware attached to the computer. A piece of hardware is attached is not working, this is highlighted to the user to deal with the hardware problem. The options that the user can deal with each piece of hardware is to supply drivers for the hardware keeping them up to date, enable or disable devices connected to the computer, ignore malfunctioning devi ces and to view other technical properties to do with the hardware connected.